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Ludi Romani
The Ludi Romani ("Roman Games"; see ''ludi'') were a religious festival in ancient Rome. They were held annually starting in 366 BC from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the last 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. The festival first introduced drama to Rome based on Greek drama.
==Origins==
These games—the chief Roman festival—were in honour of Jupiter,〔Festus, s. v. Magnos Ludos.〕 and are said to have been established by Tarquinius Priscus on the occasion of his conquest of the Latin Apiolae,〔Livy I.35, 9.〕 though Dionysius of Halicarnassus〔vii. 71.〕 and Cicero〔''de Divinatione'' i. 26, 55.〕 refer the establishment to the victory over the Latins at Lake Regillus.
At first they lasted only one day. A second day was added on the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC,〔Dionysius vi. 95.〕 and a third after the first secession of the plebs in 494 BC.〔Livy vi. 42, 12.〕 From the year 191 to 171 they lasted ten days,〔Livy xxxvi. 2, xxxix. 22, 1; Mommsen, ''Röm. Forsch.'' ii. 54.〕 and shortly before Caesar's death they apparently lasted fifteen days,〔Cicero ''In Verrem'' i. 1. 0, 31.〕 September 5 to 19. After Caesar's death a day was added.〔Cicero ''Philippicae'' ii. 4. 3, 110.〕 This day must have been September 4, because Cicero says〔''In Verrem'' ii. 52, 130.〕 that there were 45 days from the ''Ludi Romani'' to the ''Ludi Victoriae Sullanae'' on October 26, so at the time the Verrines were composed September 19 must have been the last day of the Ludi Romani.〔CIL I.401.〕
In the calendars during the Augustan era, the days of the games were September 4 to September 19. There was the Epulum Jovis on the 13th, and the ''Equorum probatio'' (a cavalry revue) on the 14th. Circus games lasted from the 15th to the 19th. In the Calendar of Philocalus (354 AD) they run September 12 to 15. The celebration was originally organized by the consuls, later of the curule aediles.
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